| The Sociality of | Nostalgia | |
| National Nostalgia vs. Personal | Nostalgia | |
| National | Nostalgia | and Outgroup Threat |
| National | Nostalgia | and Outgroup Perceptions in the |
| Making America Great Again? National | Nostalgia | 's Effect on Outgroup |
| Nostalgia | is a fond longing for |
| self-continuity. Although | nostalgia | for personal memories provides |
| of group-based | nostalgia | on the perception and acceptance |
| The presented research examined national | nostalgia | (a form of |
| collective | nostalgia | ), and its effects on group |
| to feel personal and national | nostalgia | are associated |
| levels of national | nostalgia | predicted both positive attitudes toward |
| such relationships with personal nostalgia. National | nostalgia | most |
| high in racial prejudice. Furthermore, | nostalgia | 's positive |
| how the experience of national | nostalgia | can influence attitudes and |
| nostalgia | , broadly defined as a bittersweet |
| 2020). On a broad scale, | nostalgia | focused on |
| what explains the link between | nostalgia | |
| we present evidence that national | nostalgia | , an emotion |
| distinct from personal | nostalgia | , is associated with increased |
| The Sociality of | Nostalgia | |
| Nostalgia | is a mostly positive emotion |
| report experiencing | nostalgia | on a regular basis (Wildschut |
| nostalgia | in the future (Cheung et |
| al., 2020). | Nostalgia | is triggered |
| The social connectedness function of | nostalgia | is a primary avenue |
| through which | nostalgia | confers positive psychological benefits |
| and Wildschut, 2019). For example, | nostalgia | felt in |
| are more likely to experience | nostalgia | (i.e |
| those high in personal | nostalgia | ) are also more motivated to |
| nostalgia | and the expression of both |
| link between personal | nostalgia | and prejudice reduction was mediated |
| suggesting that the experience of | nostalgia | offers |
| National Nostalgia vs. Personal | Nostalgia | |
| The link between | nostalgia | and sociality becomes more complex |
| considering | nostalgia | felt for one's group |
| Although | nostalgia | felt at |
| group-based | nostalgia | appears to have a distinct |
| from personal | nostalgia | . Group-based emotions, as distinct |
| Group-based nostalgia—operationalized as | nostalgia | felt for events |
| one's ingroup, or collective | nostalgia | —can be experienced |
| nostalgia | , shared memories can include notable |
| individual-level nostalgia, group-based | nostalgia | can occur in the form |
| et al., 2017). Additionally, collective | nostalgia | has been |
| Collective | nostalgia | also can increase group-oriented |
| collective | nostalgia | , such a preference for domestic |
| However, in some cases, collective | nostalgia | might increase |
| when individuals can feel collective | nostalgia | for a |
| National | nostalgia | is one type of collective |
| nostalgia | that is felt |
| behavioral intentions. Just as personal | nostalgia | during times of |
| Zhou et al., 2008), national | nostalgia | —a reverie for a |
| national | nostalgia | among Dutch participants indicated that |
| nostalgia | predicted prejudice toward religious minorities |
| predicted by personal | nostalgia | , which has been shown to |
| distinction between personal and national | nostalgia | may lie in the |
| National | Nostalgia | and Outgroup Threat |
| nostalgia | are associated with different intergroup |
| levels of perceived threat. Personal | nostalgia | , which is |
| contrast, feeling national | nostalgia | is associated with |
| 2015). Similar to how personal | nostalgia | may be |
| nostalgia | has been shown to be |
| national | nostalgia | among Dutch participants was positively |
| increased collective | nostalgia | , which in turn predicted greater |
| the rhetoric of politicians), national | nostalgia | may increase |
| nostalgia | could increase this fear of |
| between national | nostalgia | and endorsement of symbolic prejudice |
| National | Nostalgia | and Outgroup Perceptions in the |
| highlighted the prominence of national | nostalgia | in the |
| Political leaders often utilize national | nostalgia | in |
| found consistent themes of | nostalgia | for their country's “glorious |
| national | nostalgia | has been shown to explain |
| voters' propensity to feel national | nostalgia | may explain |
| examined the role of national | nostalgia | in propagating intergroup |
| how national | nostalgia | relates to political and racial |
| examined the interplay between national | nostalgia | , pro-Trump attitudes |
| national | nostalgia | has been conducted, and to |
| the potential link between national | nostalgia | |
| of personal | nostalgia | in order to better examine |
| between personal and national | nostalgia | as well as to assess |
| each type of | nostalgia | might be associated with political |
| Hypothesis 1. National | nostalgia | would be positively related to |
| between personal | nostalgia | and positive attitudes toward President |
| Research Question 2. Will national | nostalgia | be positively related to |
| Will the relationship between national | nostalgia | |
| Personal | Nostalgia | |
| The Southampton | Nostalgia | Scale (SNS; Routledge et al |
| personal | nostalgia | , operationalized as how frequently participants |
| experience | nostalgia | and how significant participants felt |
| valuable is | nostalgia | for you?”) rated from 1 |
| To build on past national | nostalgia | research (Smeekes et al |
| a validated measure of personal | nostalgia | (proneness to |
| feeling personal | nostalgia | |
| National | Nostalgia | |
| The National | Nostalgia | Scale (NNS; Smeekes et al |
| measured participants' propensity to feel | nostalgia | on the basis of |
| related to the experience of | nostalgia | |
| Nostalgia | Scale (SFN; Hepper et al |
| to which | nostalgia | confers the positive benefits of |
| to assess the relationship between | nostalgia | (national and |
| error, the national | nostalgia | data from 72 participants were |
| n for analyses including national | nostalgia | to 193, still |
| We first assessed whether national nostalgia and personal | nostalgia | |
| predicted. National nostalgia and personal | nostalgia | proneness were |
| 2 of the model, national | nostalgia | was associated with more |
| personal | nostalgia | was not associated with pro |
| Nostalgia | predicted a significant proportion of |
| and personal | nostalgia | and race, political orientation, ethnic |
| again supported: national | nostalgia | predicted pro-Trump attitudes (β |
| p < 0.001), whereas personal | nostalgia | was unrelated to pro-Trump |
| nostalgia | , ethnic identity, and pro-Trump |
| relationship between national | nostalgia | and pro-Trump attitudes. A |
| between national | nostalgia | and positive attitudes toward Trump |
| in racial identity salience, national | nostalgia | |
| strong relationship between national | nostalgia | and pro-Trump attitudes |
| examine the interaction between | nostalgia | and ethnic identity (on |
| between national | nostalgia | and ethnic identity was no |
| White participants, greater national | nostalgia | was associated with |
| political orientation and ethnic identity × | nostalgia | ) on pro-Trump |
| We next examined whether national | nostalgia | was positively related to |
| nostalgia | was positively associated with both |
| examine the link between national | nostalgia | |
| link between national | nostalgia | and positive attitudes toward President |
| nostalgia | and pro-Trump attitudes; ΔR |
| 2018). The relationship between national | nostalgia | and positive |
| of SNS), national | nostalgia | positively predicted pro-Trump attitudes |
| three-way interaction between national | nostalgia | |
| Figure 5. Relationship between national | nostalgia | and pro-Trump |
| Will the relationship between national | nostalgia | and racial prejudice |
| whether the relationship between national | nostalgia | |
| nostalgia | on prejudice through the mediator |
| Figure 6. Mediation of national | nostalgia | relationship with racial |
| nostalgia | and racial prejudice. Model 3 |
| for political orientation, race, national | nostalgia | |
| personal | nostalgia | , racial threat sensitivity, and racial |
| structural equation mediation model, national | nostalgia | directly |
| nostalgia | did not (β = 0.03 |
| national | nostalgia | and racial prejudice was significantly |
| 10, 0.26)]. Interestingly, personal | nostalgia | also showed a weak |
| indirect effect on national | nostalgia | via threat sensitivity, but in |
| This suggests that greater personal | nostalgia | may |
| nostalgia | and prejudice, mediated by racial |
| effect of national | nostalgia | on racial prejudice through racial |
| In our study, national | nostalgia | was associated with more positive |
| White respondents. In contrast, personal | nostalgia | was |
| in a path model, personal | nostalgia | was actually associated |
| 2020) that personal and national | nostalgia | are distinct experiences |
| our overall finding that national | nostalgia | predicted Trump |
| initially prone to feeling national | nostalgia | . To better answer this |
| between national | nostalgia | and identity |
| national | nostalgia | . We found partial evidence for |
| moderated the link between national | nostalgia | and pro-Trump |
| why leaders invoking national | nostalgia | may be so attractive to |
| relationship between national | nostalgia | and pro-Trump support. We |
| that national | nostalgia | significantly predicted racial prejudice and |
| a stronger relationship between national | nostalgia | and pro-Trump |
| that the content of collective | nostalgia | —what |
| nostalgia | , also explains differences between the |
| personal and national nostalgia. Whereas, personal | nostalgia | enhances |
| of ostracism or loneliness, national | nostalgia | |
| is also possible that national | nostalgia | |
| like personal | nostalgia | , may enhance feelings of continuity |
| nostalgia | , enhancing feelings of self-continuity |
| Wildschut, 2019), national | nostalgia | is linked to feelings of |
| that national | nostalgia | was associated with stronger feelings |
| relatively little research on collective | nostalgia | , particularly |
| national | nostalgia | , has been undertaken, future work |
| nostalgia | in response to outgroup threat |
| and future analysis of national | nostalgia | |
| the question on whether national | nostalgia | stems |
| whether national | nostalgia | arises as a defense against |
| nostalgia | has been manipulated (Smeekes and |
| as the majority of national | nostalgia | research has been at |
| level. Further work evoking national | nostalgia | in |
| nostalgia | operates within specific cultures and |
| use of national | nostalgia | in political communication is widespread |
| nostalgia | in shaping attitudes toward demagogues |
| findings suggest that national | nostalgia | may influence intergroup |
| research on national | nostalgia | should explore the nuances of |
| different countries. Expressions of national | nostalgia | may evoke |
| National | nostalgia | , a form of collective nostalgic |
| national | nostalgia | is relatively new. Although this |
| Personal | nostalgia | —a wistful longing for one |
| moderately correlates with national | nostalgia | . In contrast, national |
| nostalgia | , particularly in combination with white |
| in the possibility that national | nostalgia | may |
| The Pearson correlation between national | nostalgia | and outgroup |
| measure the construct of national | nostalgia | |
| such as national and personal | nostalgia | ), we |
| Janata, P. (2010). Music-evoked | nostalgia | : affect, memory, and |
| Nostalgia | and identity in song lyrics |
| Trump's rhetoric of White | nostalgia | . The |
| white- | nostalgia | /485192 |
| and Sedikides, C. (2020). Anticipated | nostalgia | : looking forward to |
| C., and Wildschut, T. (2017). | Nostalgia | |
| 2019). Collective | nostalgia | and domestic country bias. J |
| ties that bind: university | nostalgia | fosters relational and collective |
| s end: Lay conceptions of | nostalgia | reflect its original |
| a dissolved country: group-based | nostalgia | and |
| Scent-evoked | nostalgia | . Memory 23, 157–166. doi |
| the terror management function of | nostalgia | . J |
| collective | nostalgia | . Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 30 |
| Nostalgia | : past, present, and future. Curr |
| Nostalgia | counteracts self-discontinuity and restores |
| Smeekes, A. (2015). National | nostalgia | : a group-based emotion that |
| national | nostalgia | and acculturation among immigrants and |
| s good old days: national | nostalgia | , autochthony beliefs, and |
| days” of our country: national | nostalgia | as a new |
| Nostalgia | buffers the negative impact of |
| Sedikides, C. (2014). Collective | nostalgia | : a group-level emotion that |
| Nostalgia | : content, triggers, functions. J. Pers |
| memory of the beholder: collective | nostalgia | content determines the |
| on the restorative function of | nostalgia | |
| Keywords: national | nostalgia | , prejudice, intergroup relations, emotion |
| America Great Again? National | Nostalgia | 's Effect on Outgroup |
| Current Issues in | Nostalgia | Research |